In this book, Professor Wu Guosheng first sorts out the scientific ideas of contemporary Chinese people, expounds that modern science originates from the cognitive science of ancient Greek, and compares the Chinese and Western cultures. He then discusses the emergence of modern science from two aspects. On the on hand, religions have directly facilitated the emergence of modern science. On the other hand, mathematical and physical experimental science has shaped the standards of modern science. Furthermore, Professor Wu discusses another science tradition—natural history, and then returns to the discussion of traditional Chinese culture. He admits that from the perspective of experimental science, there is no science in China; but in the sense of natural history, things are different. He also reflects on the future of Chinese culture in our times.